SINGAPORE : History of broadcasting

First radio station was a private commercial organization - 1935 by BBC

Transmission – June 1936

1940 - BBC and its complex bought by the Govt of S’pore

April 1941 – responsibility for the station – Malaya Broadcasting Corp

1942 – Aug 1945 – station came under Japanese military known as Syonan Hoso Kyoku

1946 – rename as Radio Malaya, Singapore and Fed. of Malaysia

TV Channels – 2 channels in 4 languages

1974 - full color transmission installed at community centers throughout S’pore

S’pore satellite earth station SENTOSA was opened

Organization involved in radio b/casting

1. Radio Corporation of Singapore ( RCS )


2. Rediffusion (S’pore) Pte.Ltd.


3. The National Trade Unions Congress (NTUC)

Organization

Ownership : solely owned by the government

Administered by the Dept of Broadcasting within the Ministry of Culture

Divisions

Staff

In-service training-telecommunications and broadcasting

Programming

For multilingual society

Subtitling became necessary

Programs are broadcasted not because it’s popularity but considered necessary for developing society

Languages of programs for Singapore – Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, Foochow and Hainanese

Prog include : sponsored and services which are commercialized

Types of prog : music, news, public service, documentaries, feature shows,

Format of information and entertainment

Local production 40%

Financing

Radio TV S’pore operates on an allocation voted annually

Radio advertising / TV commercials

Radio / TV license

Radio receiver licenses

ETV ( Educational TV )

Initiated Jan 30th, 1967 – prog. were videotaped and transmitted via Channel 8

Science, mathematics, civics, geography- English with Malay version

Teacher’s guide, teaching materials were produced to support ETV programs

Follow up on the programs done by the producers

1965 – Separation from Malaysia- steady development of TV

1966 – TV centers with modern prod equipment

1980 – major changes RTS become SBC

1990’s broadcasting undergone steady transformation

1994 – SBC was corporatized to encourage competition

1995 – cable TV introduced by S’pore cable Vision (SCV) – offering 40 channels in English, Mandarin, Japanese, BM, Indonesia, Hindi, Tamil

PHILIPPINES : History of Broadcasting

1953 – TV introduced with the opening of DZAQ-TV channel of Alto B’casting System in Manila.

Station owned by Antonio Quirino. Telecast over 50 mile radius.

Later the station bought by Chronicle Broadcasting Network – CBN (owned by Lopezes) which starts operating in 1956.

ABS-CBN became the 1st radio-TV network in Philippines and also the first cross-media entity owned by a family. He also started the radio in 1950.

2nd station – 1960

3rd station – Channel 7 or Republic B/casting System ( owner- Stewart, a long time American resident in Philippines).

Programs – imported from 3 US networks (CBS, ABC and NBC) due to economic constraints .

Station’s operation – controlled by Government

Issues raised - difficult to produce local program and broadcast public service. Produce and b/cast “development” oriented program

Development in the 1990’s

1998 KBP Broadcast Media Fact book – 137 TV stations nationwide

1. 63 originating stations, 50 –relay and 24 ultra high frequency (UHF ) stations


2. Metro Manila – 12 stations, Luzon- 53 stations, Visayas – 28 TV stations, Mindanao – 44 TV stations

Satellite made universal access to broadcast media

1991 – The intro to satellite programming spurred interest in cable TV

ABS-CBN is linked with Pan American Satellite (PANAMASAT) which reaches all 30 stations, Hawaii, Southeast Asia, Guam, Canada & USA

Cable TV – in 1967 – stunted during Marcos

Advertising is the lifeblood – dependent in rating of viewers for survival

ß Very Commercial oriented in its programs

Programs

Cater to urban interests

Few local programs due to production costs

Issues : erosion of traditional values, criticized by social, media is said to contribute to social violence

Trivia and entertainment prog. is emphasized and not development prog. For the nation

Focus on hard stories highlighting power plays, competition and violence

Other programs :

Public service program

Educational children prog through Philippines children TV Foundation

The people’s TV Network Inc. – continuing education and teachers

Specialized prog – for women, cultural or ethnic group

Issues in Philippines Broadcasting

The broadcasting industry grew too fast and too big

Resulted in overlapping and poor distribution of frequencies

Politically inclined and dominated by families and friends

Poor standards in its program content ( unethical, violent and less news, immoral)

Advertising could not sustain its stations.

Stations which survived – gain support from political parties.

INDONESIA

Broadcasting is the most outstanding channel of mass communication in Indonesia. It plays important role in the effort of unifying more than 200 million people from different ethnics who live in more than 17,000 island and speak in about 583 languages and dialects.

The diversity of culture, tradition, ethnics, religions and languages in the archipelago claims the broadcasters to be more cautions in presenting adequate programming that meets the requirements of government policy, community aspiration and business interest.

The role of broadcasting in Indonesia increases when the country started to use PALAPA domestic satellite in 1976 which has made possible to reach bigger audience and wider geographical area.

The department of Information and the National Telecommunications of Indonesia are the main regulatory bodies in the issuance of permits to operate radio and television stations in Indonesia.

After 18 years of lengthy process and deliberations, the Broadcast Law in Indonesia was officially signed by President Soeharto on September 29, 1997 through Act no. 24. Details of regulations and operation guidelines of the broadcasting law are now being worked out by working groups coming from various institutions relevant to broadcasting.

The first television built in the country was the state-owned Televisi Republic Indonesia (TVRI) which was founded in August 24,1962. The opening ceremony of Asian Games 1962 held in Jakarta was the first live broadcast of TVRI.

TVRI stations have expanded all over country consisting of 1 national broadcasting center, 13 regional stations, 7 mobile production centers and more than 350 transmitters spread out throughout the country.

PALAPA which was launched in 1976 has made TVRI broadcast accessible to remote places in Indonesia.

RRI and TVRI had been the only broadcasting channels for so many years. In 1989 the government gave opportunities to private sectors to operate commercial television in Indonesia. This deregulation was applied based on these considerations:

Government realized that the presence of private television networks was needed to provide more entertainment and more independent information, especially that are needed by urban audiences.

Efforts to control home videos and illegal television broadcasting seemed difficult to be conducted effectively.

People who lived in the border areas preferred to watch foreign television programs which were easier to access than the national television programs

After the domestic satellite Palapa being rented to foreign television networks, Indonesia people could access to many television channels by using parabolic antennas (Ishadi,1992: p.30-32).

Private commercial TV stations

Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI), founded in 1989,

Surya Cipta Televisi (SCTV), founded in 1989,

Televisi Pendidikan Indonesia (TPI), founded in 1991,

Andalas Televisi (ANTV), founded in 1993

INDOSIAR, founded in1995.

Data Of Radio And Television

RADIO:

Number of RRI Station (Government Radio) : 52

Number of local Government Radio: 133

Number of commercial Radio (Non-RRI) : 829

Number of Non-Commercial Radio (Non-RRI): 4

Number of Department’s Radio : 1

TELEVISION :

Number of TVRI Broadcast Station : 13

Number of TVRI Production Station : 10

Number of Transmitter station / Transmission Unit : 375

Number of Private Television Station : 5

VIETNAM

During the 1950’s, HF external broadcasting from Saigon was Via Radio France Asia, The Voice of France in the Far East, which was widely heard worldwide with programming in English and several other languages. Its operations were sanctioned by the Franco-Vietnamese Convention of 1949, which allowed it to broadcast on Vietnamese Territory.

It closed down on February 27, 1956. From 1956 to 1975, broadcasting in the Republic of Vietnam was through the state-run VTVN, which maintained an extensive network of local, regional and external broadcasting facilities.

In the same era, broadcasting from the north originated from Hanoi, which included external, local and provincial services.

The government-operated broadcaster is Dai Tieng Noi Viet Nam (TNVN-Radio The Voice of Vietnam), part of the Vietnam Radio and TV Commission, and its origins can be traced back to August 1945, just before the declaration of independence in September of that year. Its studios and administration centre is in downtown Hanoi, at 58 Quan Su Street, operating from a nondescript building not far from the French Embassy.

In Hanoi, only six VHF stations were audible.

In Hoi An (near Da Bang) only two local MF stations were audible during the day, carrying the National Networks 1 and 2.

In Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, five MF stations were available the day at each locality.

Vietnamese frequency planning provides for multiple transmitters on the same MF and VHF channels, at various towns and cities, carrying the same network.

The networking originating from Hanoi are :

Channel 1: Vietnamese, Khmer, H’mong and Ede-news, current affairs and music, 18 hours daily, on MF, VHF and HF

Channel 2: Vietnamese, Khmer, H’mong and Ede, economic, cultural, social, literature, art and educational programs, 18 hrs daily, MF and HF

Channel 3: Vietnamese, VHF only

Channel 4: H’mong Network. This services is part of the ethnic minority service on HF only

Channel 5: English, French, Russian and Vietnamese, news and music for foreigners in Vietnam. This operates on 105.5MHz, from Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hai Phong and Vung Tau

Channel 6: This is the External Service, designated as the Voice of Vietnam International

Television Vietnam is a separate entity from TNVN. Currently, it operates three channels-VTV1, 2 and 3. In Hanoi, three other stations are available: HTV7,HTV9 and MMDS. Satellite channels include Discovery, ESPN and Star Movies and Australia TV.

Foreign language output may be viewed on these channels:

1. VTV1 : English and French programming, including films and sports;


2. VTV2 : English lessons and news and French news


3. VTV3 : Sports and English features

HTV7 : Sports, cartoons, drama and features in various languages, including English, Vietnamese

MMDS : Includes Chinese and Japanese features

Australia TV : This is satellite based, and is also designated as “C7”. It is essentially the Australia Channel 7 Network and includes slightly-delayed broadcasts of Australian Rules Football, Channel 7 News, Channel 7 soapies, and similar material.

BRUNEI

The service was officially opened on 2nd May 1957 wit Hari Raya Message from His Majesty, Al-Marhum DYMM Paduka Seri Baginda Maulana Al-Sultan Sir Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien.

There was one studio which broadcast for 45 minutes each evening from 8.00 to 8.45 p.m. The range of the single 1.2Kw transmitter was only five miles around the capital Brunei Town. Radio Brunei first transmitted programmes in 1957.

By 1974 there were 171 staff and three transmitting sites giving almost 100% coverage of the country and beyond.

Television was introduced in 1975 with Channel 5 test transmissions commencing on March 1st from Bukit Subok. The service was officially opened by His Majesty DYMM Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah on 9th July 1975. There were onlu three staff in the RTB studio and four to attend the transmitter.

Phase 1 - 1975 to 1979 used part of the Radio Studios.

Phase 2 - Utilising the current multi-purpose studio complex which was fully commissioned by 1980. A second television transmitter, operating on Channel 8 was commissioned at Andulau in 1976

1976 was also the year of the first television outside broadcast which was the coverage of His Majesty's birthday parade from the then 'town padang'. The television project was budgeted at B$35M.

FM Stereo Radio Services from Bukit Subok and Andulau started in 1977. At the same time two high power Medium Wave stations at Tutong and Serasa commenced transmission of the Malay language service.

The current staff of RTB is over 1000 personnel. Coverage by radio and television is almost 100%.

Motto:- Sentiasa Bersama Biskita

Mission:-

To Inform

To Educate

To Entertain

Objectives

To clarify the Government's plans in detail and to give them a comprehensive coverage.

To encourage the public to change ways of thinking (mindset) wherever necessary, in order to bring about appropriate change in the line Government's policies.

To help in creating civic consciousness and to encourage socio-economic and cultural development in Brunei Darussalam.

To provide and enhance the citizen's knowledge through suitable education, information and entertainment programs.

To help strengthen the national solidarity.

To describe Brunei Darussalam to the world in conformity with the Government's foreign policies.

RTB: Radio

Began in the evening of 2nd May 1957, with the announcement of "INILAH RADIO BRUNEI".

Officially launched by the late Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddin Saadul Khairi Waddein.

In 1958, the first live coverage of Radio Brunei was the inauguration of the Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque, the famous landmark of the country. This was made possible with the set up of Outside Broadcast (OB) Unit during that year.

In 1962, another station was established in Kuala Belait.

1965 : radio had reached nationwide coverage. By broadcasting on short wave, Radio Brunei can also be heard by people living in the Asia Pacific region.

Radio Brunei expanded into two channels the Malay Service and the English. Both initially broadcast for 10 hours daily.

Moved to the present purpose built studio centre in 1970. The building was equipped with 5 studios, 2 continuity suites, an auditorium and all the necessary ancillary areas.

1995 : a new service was set up to caters youngsters where popular music plays an important ingredient. The service was initially named The 91.4 Fm.

1st January 1996, the Malay service was renamed as the Rangkaian Nasional.

English and Chinese is known as the Rangkaian Pilihan. The 91.4 Fm to this day is popularly known as the Rangkaian Pelangi.

On 15th July 1996, another service was set up. Rangkaian Harmoni provide family oriented programs.

Rangkaian Nur Islam, broadcasts comprehensive Islamic religious programs.

In 1998, Radio Brunei embarked into the digital era. All studios were renovated where digital studio systems were installed.

The NetRadio was introduced. Now global listeners can listen to Radio Brunei. The streaming was officially launched on the 9th July 2001

RTB TV Programs

News, Current Affairs and Sport

The News Center of Radio Television Brunei is a major provider of domestic. News programs are relayed through radio networks and both domestic and satellite television channels.

News programs are the most popular program amongst television audience.

RTB’s prime news is Berita Nasional in Malay which is aired at 8 p.m. and News At Ten in English at 10 p.m. The duration of Berita Nasional was used to be 15 minutes to 30 minutes, and now the bulletin is 45 minutes in length, covering both local and international news. New At Ten is a 30-minute news bulletin.

Weekly Consumer News has also attracted a good following among its audience. Special reports from RTB’s Political Desk covers key current topics in regional and international political development.

Visuals are sent instantly to Brunei either live or delay telecast by using satellite.

The News Center of RTB has also played a key role in the regional broadcasting cooperation. It is a member of the Asiavision, a news exchange mechanism under the umbrella of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union.

The Asiavision operation was moved from Kuala Lumpur to Brunei Darussalam during APEC 2000 Summit and the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in July 2002. The News Centre of RTB is the coordinator of the ASEAN Television News Exchange, a project under ASEAN.

ABU ( Asia- Pacific Broadcasting Union) Established : 1964

Objectives :

To promote the development of broadcasting in the Asia Pacific region

Organize cooperative activities amongst ABU members

Main Activities of ABU

A daily satellite TV news exchange (ASIAVISION)

1. The voice of Asia


2. source of news for and about Asia

Co-production and exchange of programs

Provide coverage

Technical and programming services

Content acquisition for developing countries

Provide training courses and workshops

ASEAN Cooperation

Dialogues and meetings of ASEAN members

Conference

ASEAN Digital Broadcasting in Brunei

March 15-16, 2004

Program for the advancement of ASEAN cooperation in TV, Radio , Film and video in Jakarta , May 1989